Optimal scheduling of electric vehicles in an intelligent parking lot considering vehicle-to-grid concept and battery condition

The anticipation of a large penetration of EVs (electric vehicles) into the market brings up many technical issues. The power system may put at risk the security and reliability of operation due to uncontrolled EV charging and discharging. It is necessary to carry out intelligent scheduling for charging and discharging of EVs. In this paper, a smart management and scheduling model is proposed for large number of EVs parked in an urban parking lot. The proposed model considered practical constraints such as desired charging electricity price, remaining battery capacity, remaining charging time and age of the battery. The results show that the proposed parking lot energy management system satisfies both financial and technical goals. Moreover, EV owners could earn profit from discharging their vehicles as well as having desired SOC (state of charge) in the departure time. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.